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TECHNOLOGY & PLATFORM

Layer 1: Ethereum​

Core Structure:

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform that enables the execution of smart contracts.

Components:

  • EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine): This is the runtime environment for smart contracts, providing a standardized execution environment.
  • Consensus Mechanism: Ethereum currently uses Proof of Work (PoW) but is transitioning to Proof of Stake (PoS) with Ethereum 2.0.

Network: Operates as a peer-to-peer network where nodes maintain and validate the blockchain.

Layer 2: Base (OP)​

Overview:

Base is an Optimistic Rollup Layer 2 scaling solution built on top of Ethereum.

Scaling Mechanism:

  • Rollups: Batches multiple transactions together and submits them to Ethereum as a single transaction, reducing gas costs.
  • Optimistic Execution: Assumes transactions are valid by default, but allows for fraud proofs to challenge incorrect transactions.

Components:

  • Sequencer: A centralized entity (for now) that orders transactions and submits rollup blocks to Ethereum.
  • Verifiers: Nodes that monitor the sequencer and can submit fraud proofs if they detect invalid transactions.
  • State Roots: Periodically published to Ethereum to maintain data availability and security.

Layer 3: Hyra Network​

  • Core Idea: Layer 3 chains are essentially "chains of chains," built on top of existing Layer 2 solutions. This allows for further specialization and scaling beyond what Layer 2 alone can offer.
  • Anytrust Technology: Hyra Network utilizes Arbitrum Orbit's Anytrust technology, which provides a flexible framework for creating custom Layer 3 chains. Key features of Anytrust include:
    • Data Availability Committees (DACs): Instead of posting all data to the Layer 1 or Layer 2 chain, Anytrust uses a committee of nodes to ensure data availability. This reduces costs and improves efficiency.
    • Fraud Proofs: Similar to Optimistic Rollups, Anytrust allows for fraud proofs to challenge incorrect state transitions, ensuring security.
    • Validator Nodes: Nodes that participate in the consensus and validation of Layer 3 transactions.
  • Customizable Chains: Hyra Network can create Layer 3 chains with different properties, such as:
    • Specific Virtual Machines (VMs): Optimized for particular types of applications (e.g., EVM for Solidity contracts, WASM for other languages).
    • Consensus Mechanisms: Choose from different consensus models to balance security, decentralization, and performance.
    • Tokenomics: Create custom token economies for governance and incentives.
  • Data Availability Modes:
    • Layer 1 Posting: For maximum security, data can be posted directly to Ethereum's base layer.
    • Layer 2 Posting: For higher throughput and lower costs, data can be posted to the underlying Layer 2 (Base).
    • DAC-Based Posting: The most efficient option, relying on the Data Availability Committee to guarantee data availability.
  • Bridges: Hyra Network includes robust bridging mechanisms to:
    • Asset Bridging: Move tokens seamlessly between Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3.
    • Message Passing: Enable communication and cross-chain interactions between applications on different layers.
  • Benefits of Layer 3:
    • Hyper-Scalability: Achieve even higher transaction throughput and lower fees than Layer 2.
    • Specialization: Tailor chains to specific use cases, optimizing for performance and cost.
    • Experimentation: Test new technologies and governance models without risking the security of the underlying layers.
    • Reduced Congestion: Offload traffic from Layer 2, improving the overall user experience.